Análisis reológico de emulsiones agua en crudo extrapesado: evaluación de los efectos del gas disuelto, el contenido de agua, la presión y la temperatura
Resumen
Los recursos disponibles de crudo del petróleo corresponden mayoritariamente a crudos pesados y extrapesados. En su producción, estos crudos pueden ser transportados en forma de emulsiones agua en crudo, experimentando diferentes condiciones de temperatura y presión, y cuyas gotas pueden contener gases diluidos. Por esta razón, el análisis de la influencia de la temperatura, la presión, el contenido de agua y el contenido de gases (GOR) en la reología y la distribución del tamaño de gota de emulsiones de agua en un crudo extrapesado conduce a la estimación de los consumos de potencia y los flujos netos obtenidos que pueden ser producidos. Este análisis fue aplicado a emulsiones de un crudo colombiano, por medio de un diseño de experimentos factorial 24 compuesto centrado en las caras con los factores temperatura [150, 190] °F, presión [1800, 3800] psi, contenido de salmuera (W) [2, 30] %w y contenido de gases (GOR) [0, 120] pie3/bbl. Los valores de los esfuerzos de corte, las viscosidades y las caídas de presión fueron medidos con un viscosímetro capilar, mientras la distribución de tamaño de gota fue determinada por medio de un analizador laser de dispersión de luz. Los resultados indicaron que las emulsiones preparadas fueron estables en los niveles establecidos. Asimismo, los tamaños de gota reportaron incremento con el aumento en GOR y W. la viscosidad de las emulsiones presentó un aumento con la presión y W. Contrariamente, la viscosidad de las emulsiones disminuyó con la temperatura, el GOR y el caudal establecido en el ensayo. Finalmente, el comportamiento reológico de las emulsiones analizadas en el presente trabajo fue determinado como de tipo pseudoplástico.
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